Computer Science XI BieK Notes: Most Important Question 2023-2024

PREPARED BY: SIR ZUBAIR KHAN 

The Textbook of COMPUTER SCIENCE For Class XI – Class 11 – Sindh Textbook Board 

Q1: Define Network? Advantages and disadvantages of Networks Also discuss Components of Networks?

Ans: A communication network is a group of interconnected devices that can share resources and communicate with each other. The devices can be computers, printers, servers, routers, switches, or any other device capable of sending and receiving data. Networks are designed to facilitate communication and data exchange between devices, both locally and remotely.

Advantages of Networks:

• Resource sharing: Networks allow devices to share resources such as printers, scanners, and storage devices, reducing the need for multiple devices and reducing costs.
• Communication: Networks facilitate communication between devices, allowing for collaboration, file sharing, and real-time data transfer.

• Centralized management: Networks can be managed centrally, making it easier to monitor and control network activities.

• Scalability: Networks can be scaled up or down to accommodate changes in demand, making them more flexible and adaptable.

• Increased productivity: Networks can increase productivity by enabling users to access resources and communicate with each other more efficiently.

Disadvantages of Networks:

• Security risks: Networks are vulnerable to threats like viruses, hacking, and unauthorized access, which can compromise data and damage systems.

• Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a network can be complex and time-consuming, requiring specialized skills and knowledge.

• Cost: Networks can be expensive to set up and maintain, especially for small businesses or individuals.

• Dependence: Networks can create dependence on technology, making it difficult to function without them.

Components of Networks:

• Devices: Devices are the physical components of a network, such as computers, routers, switches, and servers.
• Network Interface Cards (NICs): NICs are installed on each device, enabling them to connect to the network.
• Cables: Cables connect devices to the network, and can be Ethernet, fiber optic, or coaxial.
• Network protocols: Network protocols are sets of rules that govern communication between devices, such as TCP/IP, DNS, and HTTP.
• Network topology: Network topology refers to the physical layout of the network, such as a star, bus, or mesh.
• Network services: Network services are the software applications and services that run on the network, such as email, file sharing, and remote access.
• Network management: Network management refers to the processes and tools used to manage and monitor the network, such as network monitoring software and network security measures. 

Q2: Write a List of input and output Devices?

Ans: Input devices are hardware components that allow users to input data into a computer or other electronic device, while output devices are hardware components that display or output information from a computer or electronic device. Here's a list of some common input and output devices:

Input devices:

Keyboard

Mouse

Touchpad

Scanner

Webcam

Microphone

Joystick

Gamepad

Graphics Tablet

Barcode Reader

Digital Camera

Trackball

Touch Screen

Magnetic Stripe Reader

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Scanner

Biometric Scanner

Output devices:

Monitor or Display Screen

Printer

Projector

Speaker

Headphones

Plotter

Braille Embosser

Digital Light Processing (DLP) Projector

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Monitor

Plasma Display Panel (PDP) Monitor

Large Format Display (LFD) Monitor

Augmented Reality (AR) Headset

Virtual Reality (VR) Headset

Q3: Define Compilor, Interpretor and Assembler?

Ans: 

(i) Compiler: 

A compiler is a software program that translates the source code of a programming language into machine code that a computer can understand and execute. The process of compiling involves taking the source code and producing an executable file, which can then be run by the computer. The compiled code is usually faster and more efficient than interpreted code.

(ii) Interpreter: 

An interpreter is a program that reads and executes code line-by-line, without the need for compilation. Interpreters are used for programming languages that are designed to be interpreted, such as Python or JavaScript. They typically run slower than compiled code, but they have the advantage of being more flexible and easier to debug.

(iii) Assembler: 

An assembler is a software program that converts assembly language code into machine code. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to write programs that can directly interact with the computer's hardware. Assemblers are used for programming microcontrollers, embedded systems, and other low-level applications.

Q4: Define the Operating System? and Functions of the Operating System?

Ans:  OPERATING SYSTEM:

An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the user applications, providing a user-friendly interface for interacting with the computer's hardware.

The functions of an operating system include:

• Process Management: The operating system manages the execution of programs or processes, allocating resources such as memory, CPU time, and input/output operations to ensure efficient and fair execution.
• Memory Management: The operating system manages the allocation and use of memory by programs or processes, ensuring that memory is efficiently utilized and protected from unauthorized access.
• File System Management: The operating system provides a file system that manages the storage and retrieval of data on the computer's storage devices.
• Device Management: The operating system manages the interaction between software and hardware devices such as printers, keyboards, and network devices.
• Security: The operating system provides security features such as user authentication, access control, and data encryption to protect the computer and its data from unauthorized access.
• User Interface: The operating system provides a user interface that enables users to interact with the computer and its applications.

Q5: Define System Software and Names of System Software?

Ans: SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

System software is a type of software that manages and controls the hardware components of a computer system and provides a platform for running application software. System software is essential for the operation of a computer, and it includes various programs that control the functioning of the computer's hardware.

Here are some common examples of system software:

• Operating Systems: Examples of operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. The operating system manages the computer's resources and provides a platform for running application software.
• Device Drivers: Device drivers are programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and cameras.
• Utility Software: Utility software includes programs such as disk defragmenters, file managers, and antivirus software that help optimize and maintain the computer's performance.
• Language Translators: Language translators, such as compilers and interpreters, are used to translate programming languages into machine language that can be executed by the computer.
• Firmware: Firmware is a type of software that is embedded in hardware devices such as printers, routers, and cameras, and provides low-level control over their operation.

Q6: What is application Software? Name at least five application Software?

Ans: APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

Application software is a type of software that is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. Application software is distinct from system software, which manages the computer's hardware resources and provides a platform for running application software.

Here are some common examples of application software:

• Microsoft Office Suite: Microsoft Office Suite includes programs such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook, which are used for word processing, spreadsheet creation, presentation design, and email management.

• Web Browsers: Web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge, are used to access and navigate the internet.

• Media Players: Media players, such as VLC and iTunes, are used to play audio and video files.

• Graphic Design Software: Graphic design software, such as Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, is used to create and edit digital graphics, images, and illustrations.

• Video Editing Software: Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut Pro, is used to edit and manipulate video footage.

Q7: Define Pointing Devices? and Name of Different Pointing Devices?

Ans: POINTING DEVICES:

Pointing devices are input devices that are used to control the movement of a cursor or pointer on a computer screen. They allow users to interact with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) by selecting, clicking, dragging, and manipulating objects on the screen. Pointing devices provide a more intuitive and efficient way to navigate and interact with computer systems.

Here are some different types of pointing devices:

• Mouse: A mouse is the most common pointing device used with desktop computers. It typically has one or more buttons and a scrolling wheel. The mouse is moved on a flat surface, and its movement is translated into cursor movement on the screen.

• Touchpad: A touchpad is a small rectangular surface found on laptops and some external keyboards. It senses finger movements and gestures to control the cursor. Tapping or pressing on the touchpad surface can simulate mouse clicks.

• Trackball: A trackball is a stationary pointing device that consists of a ball housed in a socket. By rotating the ball with their fingers, users can control the movement of the cursor on the screen. Trackballs are often used in gaming and specialized applications.

• Trackpoint: Also known as a pointing stick or nub, the trackpoint is a small, rubbery joystick-like device commonly found in the middle of laptop keyboards. Users can move the cursor by applying pressure in different directions on the TrackPoint.

• Graphics tablet: A graphics tablet, also called a digitizing tablet or pen tablet, consists of a flat surface and a stylus or pen. Users can draw or write directly on the tablet, and their input is translated into digital data on the screen.

• Touchscreen: A touchscreen is an input device that allows users to interact with the computer by directly touching the screen. It is commonly used in smartphones, tablets, and all-in-one computers.

• Stylus: A stylus is a pen-like device used with touchscreens or graphics tablets. It provides more precise control and is often used for drawing, writing, or making selections on the screen.

• Joystick: Although primarily used for gaming, a joystick can also act as a pointing device. It consists of a stick that can be moved in different directions to control the cursor or perform actions in games or specialized applications.

Q8: Why is Catch Memory Used in Computer Systems?

Ans: CACHE MEMORY:

Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory component located closer to the processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) than the main memory (RAM). It is used to temporarily store frequently accessed instructions and data, making it readily available to the CPU for faster access.

Here are a few reasons why cache memory is used in computer systems:

• Faster Access: Cache memory allows for quicker access to data and instructions that are frequently accessed by the CPU. Since it is located closer to the processor, the time taken to retrieve data from cache memory is significantly faster than fetching it from the main memory. This helps reduce the latency or delay in accessing data, improving overall system performance.

• Reducing Memory Bottlenecks: The main memory (RAM) is slower compared to the processor's speed. By using cache memory, the CPU can minimize the time spent waiting for data from the main memory. It helps to overcome memory bottlenecks and keeps the CPU busy with useful data, enhancing system efficiency.

• Exploiting Locality of Reference: Programs and applications tend to exhibit the locality of reference, which means that they access a small portion of data repeatedly or access nearby data locations. Cache memory exploits this behavior by storing frequently accessed data and instructions, effectively reducing the number of times the CPU needs to access the slower main memory.

• Power Efficiency: Cache memory also plays a role in power efficiency. Since cache memory allows for faster data access, the CPU can complete its tasks more quickly, enabling it to enter low-power states or idle states sooner. This helps conserve energy and prolong battery life in mobile devices.

Q9: Define the following terms (a) CRT (b) Pixel (c) Resolution?

Ans: 

(a) CRT: 

CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. It refers to a type of display technology that was commonly used in older computer monitors and televisions. CRT displays work by using an electron beam that scans across a phosphor-coated screen, creating images through the emission of colored light. However, CRT displays have largely been replaced by newer technologies such as LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light-Emitting Diode), and OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode).

(b) Pixel: 

A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest unit of display on a screen or image. It is a tiny square or dot that can emit or display a specific color. Pixels are arranged in a grid pattern to form the images we see on screens. Each pixel can be assigned a specific color and brightness level, and when combined with other pixels, they create the overall visual representation on a screen.

(c) Resolution: 

Resolution refers to the number of pixels that a display or image contains. It represents the level of detail and clarity that can be displayed. Resolution is typically expressed as the total number of pixels along the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the screen or image. For example, a common screen resolution is 1920x1080, which means there are 1920 pixels in width and 1080 pixels in height. Higher resolutions provide sharper and more detailed images, while lower resolutions result in less detailed and potentially more pixelated visuals.

Q10: Define peripheral Devices? Name any three?

Ans: Peripheral devices are external devices that connect to a computer to expand its functionality. Three examples of peripheral devices are:

• Keyboard: An input device used for typing and entering commands.
• Printer: An output device used for producing physical copies of digital documents.
• External Hard Drive: A storage device for additional storage and data backup.
• Mouse: A mouse is an input device used to move a cursor on the computer screen and select objects by clicking. It typically has buttons and a scrolling wheel for additional functionality.
• Webcam: A webcam is a video input device that captures and transmits live video and audio. It is commonly used for video conferencing, online streaming, and video recording.

Q11: Define Web browser, Search engine, and Website, and List names of Various Web search browsers?

Ans: Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and view websites on the Internet. It acts as an interface between the user and the World Wide Web, interpreting and displaying web pages containing text, images, videos, and other multimedia content.

Search Engine: A search engine is a specialized software system that enables users to search for information on the Internet. It indexes vast amounts of web content and provides relevant results based on user queries. Search engines crawl and analyze web pages to create an index, which is then used to retrieve matching results when users enter search terms.

Website: A website is a collection of related web pages that are hosted on a web server and can be accessed through a unique domain name or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). It contains various types of content, such as text, images, videos, and interactive elements, and is designed to provide information or serve a specific purpose.

Various Web Search Browsers: Some popular web search browsers include:

* Google Chrome        * Mozilla Firefox    * Microsoft Edge

* Apple Safari              * Opera                 * Brave

* Internet Explorer (older version)            * Vivaldi

* Tor Browser              * DuckDuckGo (a privacy-focused search browser)

Q12: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the internet?

Ans: Advantages of the Internet:

• Information Access: The internet provides instant access to a vast amount of information, allowing users to gather knowledge, conduct research, and stay informed on various topics.

• Communication and Connectivity: The Internet facilitates communication and connects people globally through email, instant messaging, social media, and video conferencing, enabling easy and fast communication regardless of geographical location.

• Online Services and E-commerce: The Internet offers a wide range of online services, including online shopping, banking, booking travel tickets, and accessing government services, providing convenience and saving time for users.

• Collaboration and Sharing: The internet enables collaboration and sharing of ideas, documents, and multimedia content. Online platforms and tools allow for teamwork, sharing resources, and engaging in creative projects with others.

• Entertainment and Recreation: The internet provides various forms of entertainment, such as streaming movies, music, online gaming, and access to a wide range of content like blogs, videos, and podcasts, offering endless recreational opportunities.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

• Information Overload: With vast amounts of information available, it can be challenging to navigate and filter through the overwhelming volume of content, leading to information overload and difficulties in determining credibility.

• Cybersecurity Risks: The internet exposes users to various cybersecurity risks, including hacking, identity theft, malware, phishing, and online scams. Users must take precautions to protect their personal information and privacy online.

• Online Addiction and Distractions: The internet can be addictive, leading to excessive screen time, procrastination, and reduced productivity. Online distractions, such as social media and entertainment platforms, can negatively impact focus and concentration.

• Spread of Misinformation: The internet allows for the rapid dissemination of information, including false and misleading content. This can lead to the spread of misinformation, rumors, and fake news, which can have detrimental effects on society.

• Social Isolation and Disconnection: Excessive reliance on the Internet and online interactions can lead to reduced face-to-face social interactions, isolation, and a sense of disconnection from real-world relationships.

• Digital Divide: Not all individuals have equal access to the internet, creating a digital divide between those with internet connectivity and those without. This divide can exacerbate inequalities in education, employment, and access to information.

Q13: Define (a) Hub    (b) Switch    (c) Router    (d) URL

(a) Hub: A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices in a local area network (LAN). It operates at the physical layer of the network, acting as a central point for data transmission. When a device sends data to a hub, it broadcasts the data to all other devices connected to the hub. Hubs are simple devices and have been largely replaced by switches for modern network setups.

(b) Switch: A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a LAN. Unlike a hub, a switch operates at the data link layer of the network, making intelligent forwarding decisions. It learns the MAC (Media Access Control) addresses of connected devices and forwards data only to the appropriate destination device, improving network efficiency and reducing unnecessary network traffic.

(c) Router: A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model and uses IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to direct data packets between networks. Routers analyze the destination IP addresses of incoming packets and determine the best path to forward them to their intended destinations. They are responsible for forwarding data across different networks, allowing devices to communicate with each other over the internet.

(d) URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is a standardized address used to locate resources on the internet. A URL consists of several components, including the protocol (such as HTTP or HTTPS), the domain name (e.g., www.example.com), and the specific path or resource being accessed. URLs are commonly used to access web pages, files, images, or any other resource available on the internet. They provide a unique address that allows users to navigate to and retrieve specific content from web servers.

Q14: Write a short note on MODEM?

A modem, short for "modulator-demodulator," is a device used to connect computers or other electronic devices to the internet or other computer networks. It facilitates the transmission of digital data over communication channels by converting it into analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines or other mediums. Similarly, it also receives analog signals and converts them back into digital data that can be understood by the connected devices.

Modems play a crucial role in providing internet access to homes, businesses, and various institutions. They act as intermediaries between the user's device and the internet service provider (ISP). When a user initiates an internet connection, the modem establishes a communication link with the ISP through a wired or wireless connection.

modems are essential devices that bridge the gap between digital data and the analog signals necessary for communication over various transmission mediums. They enable users to access the internet and connect to computer networks, playing a vital role in the modern digital age.

Q15: Write a role of Computers in the field of education?

Computers have transformed the field of education, revolutionizing the way students learn and teachers instruct. Their role in education is multi-faceted and has brought numerous benefits to students, educators, and educational institutions. Here are some key roles of computers in the field of education:

• Computers provide instant access to a vast amount of information and educational resources.
• Educational software and multimedia tools offer interactive and engaging learning experiences.
• Online platforms and learning management systems enable collaboration and communication among students and teachers.
• Adaptive learning software tailors instruction to individual student needs.
• Computers enhance organization and productivity for students and educators.
• They facilitate global connectivity and cultural exchange in education.
• Automated assessment and instant feedback improve the learning process.
• Computers enable distance learning and online education, providing flexibility and access to education from anywhere.

Q16: Write a role of computers in the business field?

Computers play a crucial role in the business field, transforming the way organizations operate, communicate, and manage their operations. Here are some key parts of computers in the business field:

• Computers enable businesses to manage and analyze large amounts of data.
• They facilitate communication and collaboration within and outside of organizations.
• Automation and efficiency are achieved through computer systems and software.
• Computers support e-commerce and online presence, reaching a wider audience.
• Marketing and advertising efforts are enhanced through digital tools and platforms.
• Financial management processes are streamlined with accounting software.
• Computers play a vital role in ensuring information security and data protection.
• Decision-making is supported by modeling, simulations, and data analysis.
• Customer relationship management is facilitated through CRM software.
• Computers enable remote work and mobile productivity, improving flexibility.

Q17: Write a short note on E-Commerce?

Q18: Write a short note about backup and software privacy?

Q19: What are the damages caused by Computer VIRUS?

Q20: Define Windows and its Functions?

Ans: Windows refers to a popular operating system developed by Microsoft. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI) and manages the resources of a computer, allowing users to interact with hardware and software. Here are some key functions of Windows:

FUNCTIONS OF WINDOWS

• Windows provides a user-friendly interface for interacting with the computer.
• It manages files and folders through the file explorer.
• Windows enables multitasking, allowing users to run multiple programs simultaneously.
• It supports a wide range of hardware devices through device drivers.
• Windows is compatible with a vast array of software applications.
• It facilitates internet connectivity and network configuration.
• Windows includes built-in security features to protect the system and user data.
• It provides tools for system maintenance and regular updates to keep the system up to date.

Q21: Define Word processor with an example?

Ans: A word processor is a software application used for creating, editing, formatting, and printing documents. It provides tools and features for text manipulation, such as typing, deleting, copying, and rearranging text. Users can format the text by changing fonts, adjusting spacing, adding headings, and applying styles. A word processor allows for the insertion of images, tables, and other visual elements into the document. It also includes features like spell-checking, grammar-checking, and page layout options.

Example: Microsoft Word is a popular word-processing application widely used for creating and editing documents. It offers a wide range of formatting options, templates, and advanced features like collaboration tools, mail merge, and track changes. Microsoft Word is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is compatible with various operating systems, including Windows and macOS.

Q22: Discuss features of MS Word?

Q23: Define Buses and their types?

Q24: Define Super Computer, mainframe computer, mini computer, microcomputer, and Laptop Computer?

Q25: Define I.T and discuss the different fields of I.T? Also define the advantages of I.T?

Q26: Define Plotter and its types?

A plotter is a computer peripheral device that is used to create high-quality, large-scale, and precise graphical outputs. It is commonly used in fields such as engineering, architecture, and graphic design where accurate and detailed drawings or designs are required. Unlike printers that produce images by depositing ink on paper, plotters use pens or other drawing tools to physically draw lines on paper or other media.

There are several types of plotters, including:

• Pen Plotters: These plotters use pens to physically draw precise lines on paper, offering high precision and intricate designs.

• Electrostatic Plotters: They utilize electrostatic or electrographic printing to create images by attracting toner onto charged drums or rollers.

• Inkjet Plotters: Similar to inkjet printers, these plotters spray tiny droplets of ink onto paper to create images or text, suitable for larger formats.

• Cutting Plotters: Also known as vinyl cutters, they use sharp blades to cut materials like vinyl, paper, or thin metal, enabling precise shapes or patterns.

Q27: Define terminal and its types?

Ans: A terminal, in the context of computing, refers to a device or interface that allows users to interact with a computer system or a network. It provides a means for users to input commands, receive outputs, and perform various tasks.

There are different types of terminals based on their form and functionality. Here are some commonly used terminal types:

• Text-Based Terminals: These terminals provide a text-only interface for entering commands and receiving textual outputs, such as command line interfaces and terminal emulators.

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) Terminals: GUI terminals offer a graphical interface with windows, icons, and menus, enabling users to interact with a computer system using visual elements.

• Web-based Terminals: Accessed through web browsers, these terminals provide a terminal-like interface within a browser window, allowing remote access and interaction with a computer or server.

• Serial Terminals: Serial terminals connect to devices that use serial ports for communication, commonly used for configuring networking equipment and embedded systems.

• Virtual Terminals: Virtual terminals are software-based, allowing users to create and switch between multiple terminal sessions or consoles within a single physical terminal or screen.

Q28: Define Communication media and Discuss Various types of Communication media?

Q29: Define Communication media and Discuss Various types of guided and unguided Communication media?

Communication media, also known as transmission media, refers to the physical channels or pathways through which data, information, or signals are transmitted from one location to another in a communication system. These media serve as the means for transferring data between devices or networks.

There are two broad categories of communication media: guided (or wired) and unguided (or wireless).

Guided Communication Media:

• Twisted Pair Cable: This consists of twisted copper wires, commonly used for telephone lines and Ethernet networks.

• Coaxial Cable: Features a central conductor surrounded by insulation and a metallic shield, used for cable TV and high-speed data transmission.

• Fiber Optic Cable: Utilizes thin glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light, known for high bandwidth and long-distance communication.

Unguided Communication Media:

• Radio Waves: Wireless communication using radio frequencies, widely used in radio broadcasting, cellular networks, and Wi-Fi.

• Microwaves: Higher frequency waves are used for point-to-point communication in microwave links and satellite communication.

• Infrared Waves: Short-range communication utilizing infrared light, commonly seen in infrared remote controls and data transmission between devices.

• Light Waves: Visible light spectrum used for wireless communication, particularly in Li-Fi technology that utilizes LED lights for data transmission.

Q30: State Copywrites Law and Give its advantages?

Q31: Define Worksheet/MS-Excel and its features?

Q32: Define De-Morgans theorem with a diagram and truth Table?

Q33: Discuss different types of LOGIC Gates?

Q34: What is computer crime?

Ans: COMPUTER CRIME:

Computer crime, also known as cybercrime, refers to criminal activities that are carried out using computers or computer networks. These crimes involve the use of technology, such as computers, the internet, or other electronic devices, as tools or targets for illegal activities. Computer crime encompasses a wide range of illicit actions that exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, or individuals for personal gain, disruption, or malicious intent.

Here are some common types of computer crimes:

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks to gain control, steal information, disrupt operations, or cause damage.

• Malware: Creation, distribution, or use of malicious software (malware), such as viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, or spyware, to compromise systems, steal data, or cause harm.

• Phishing: Deceptive techniques, often through emails or websites, to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card details, or personal data.

• Identity theft: Illegally obtaining and using someone's personal information, such as Social Security numbers, bank account details, or credit card information, to commit fraud or other crimes.

• Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks: Overwhelming computer systems, networks, or websites with excessive traffic or requests to render them unavailable to legitimate users.

• Cyberstalking and harassment: Using digital platforms to harass, intimidate, or threaten individuals, often through social media, emails, or other electronic communications.

• Online fraud: Engaging in fraudulent activities, such as online scams, pyramid schemes, or deceptive practices, to obtain money or assets from unsuspecting victims.

• Intellectual property theft: Unauthorized copying, distribution, or use of copyrighted material, trade secrets, or patents, including software piracy, movie or music piracy, or counterfeiting.

• Cyberterrorism: Coordinated attacks on computer systems, networks, or critical infrastructure with the intent to create fear, disrupt essential services, or cause significant damage.

Q35: Define what are the basics hardware needed for a computer?

Ans: The basic hardware components needed for a computer are as follows:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU, often referred to as the processor, is the brain of the computer. It carries out instructions and performs calculations necessary for the operation of the system.

• Motherboard: The motherboard is a circuit board that serves as the main platform for connecting all the components of a computer. It provides electrical connections and allows communication between different parts of the system.

• Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the primary memory used by the computer to temporarily store data that is actively being used by the CPU. It provides fast access to information, allowing for quick retrieval and manipulation of data.

• Storage Devices: Computers require storage devices to store data and programs. The two primary types of storage devices are:

        a) Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A traditional HDD uses magnetic storage to store          data on rotating disks.

        b) Solid State Drive (SSD): SSDs use flash memory and have no moving                 parts, providing faster data access compared to HDDs.

• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering and displaying graphics, especially for tasks such as gaming, video editing, and 3D modeling. It offloads the graphics-related computations from the CPU, improving performance in graphics-intensive applications.

• Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU supplies electrical power to all the components of the computer. It converts the alternating current (AC) from the power outlet to the direct current (DC) required by the computer.

• Display Monitor: A computer typically requires a display monitor to provide visual output to the user. Monitors come in various sizes and resolutions, allowing users to interact with the system visually.

• Input Devices: These devices are used to input commands and data into the computer. Examples include:

        a) Keyboard: Used for typing and providing textual input.

        b) Mouse: Allows for pointing, clicking, and navigating through graphical interfaces. Other devices like touchscreens, trackpads, and stylus pens are also common input devices.

• Output Devices: These devices are used to receive output from the computer. Common examples include:

    a) Monitor/Display: Shows visual output

    b) Speakers/Headphones: Provide audio output.

    c) Printers: Used to produce hard copies of documents.

These are the fundamental hardware components needed for a computer to function.

Q36: Define the instruction cycle with a label diagram?

Ans: The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions.

• Fetch (IF): The control unit fetches the instruction from memory using the program counter (PC) which holds the memory address of the next instruction. The fetched instruction is stored in the instruction register (IR).

• Instruction Decode (ID): The control unit decodes the instruction stored in the IR. It determines the opcode and any associated operands or addressing modes.

• Operand Fetch (OF): If required, the control unit fetches the operands from memory or registers based on the addressing mode specified in the instruction.

• Execution (EX): The control unit performs the specific operation indicated by the opcode. This may involve arithmetic or logical operations, data manipulation, or control flow instructions.

• Result Write Back (WB): If the instruction modified any registers or memory locations, the control unit writes the result of the executed instruction back to the appropriate register or memory location.

• Update Program Counter (PC): The program counter is updated to point to the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. Typically, it increments by the size of the current instruction to ensure the correct fetch of the next instruction.

The instruction cycle is a repeating process, with each instruction going through these stages in sequence.